1. Gujarat Declares First Biodiversity Heritage Site
Gujarat has designated Inland Mangrove Guneri in Kutch as its first Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS), covering 32.78 hectares. This unique non-tidal mangrove ecosystem, 45 km from the Arabian Sea, thrives on flat terrain and supports rich biodiversity. The site is managed under the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, with Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs) overseeing conservation efforts.
2. ISRO’s 100th Launch: GSLV-F15 Deploys NVS-02
On January 29, 2025, ISRO successfully launched its 100th mission, deploying the NVS-02 satellite via GSLV-F15 from Sriharikota. The 2,250 kg satellite enhances NavIC navigation services across India. This marks ISRO’s 17th GSLV flight and the 11th with an indigenous cryogenic stage, showcasing India’s growing space capabilities.
3. Martyrs’ Day Observed on January 30
India observes Martyrs’ Day (Shaheed Diwas) annually on January 30 to honor those who sacrificed their lives for independence, marking 77 years since Mahatma Gandhi’s assassination. The day is observed with wreath-laying at Raj Ghat, a two-minute silence nationwide, and educational discussions on Gandhi’s legacy of non-violence and truth.
4. Party Whips in Indian Politics
Vice President Jagdeep Dhankhar has sparked debate on party whips, arguing they restrict MPs’ freedom. Whips enforce party discipline in voting, with non-compliance leading to disqualification under the Anti-Defection Law.
Types of Whips:
One-line whip – Attendance optional.
Two-line whip – Attendance required, voting suggested.
Three-line whip – Mandatory attendance and voting.
While ensuring party cohesion, whips raise concerns about MPs’ autonomy in a democracy.
5. Uttarakhand Implements Uniform Civil Code (UCC)
On January 27, 2025, Uttarakhand became the first Indian state to implement the Uniform Civil Code (UCC), unifying laws on marriage, divorce, and inheritance for all citizens. Key provisions:
Marriage age set at 21 (men) & 18 (women).
Ban on polygamy, Halala, and Iddat.
Equal inheritance rights for both genders.
Mandatory online registration for marriages and live-in relationships.
Exemptions apply to Scheduled Tribes and certain communities, with mixed public reactions on its societal impact.
6. INS Sarvekshak Completes Hydrographic Survey in Mauritius
Indian Navy’s INS Sarvekshak completed a hydrographic survey of over 25,000 sq. nautical miles in Mauritius, strengthening India-Mauritius maritime cooperation. The survey supports maritime infrastructure, resource management, and coastal planning under India’s SAGAR initiative. India has conducted joint surveys covering 89,000 sq. km, producing 96 nautical charts, and reinforcing regional maritime security and development.
7. SANJAY Battlefield Surveillance System Launched
Defence Minister Rajnath Singh launched the SANJAY Battlefield Surveillance System (BSS) on January 24, 2025, enhancing the Indian Army’s Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities. Developed with Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL), it integrates ground and aerial sensors over secured networks. Deployment across operational brigades begins in March 2025.
8. ISRO’s 100th Launch
On January 29, 2025, ISRO achieved its 100th launch with the GSLV-F15 mission, deploying NVS-02, part of the NavIC satellite system. Weighing 2,250 kg, it features advanced atomic clocks and L1-band signals for improved accuracy and compatibility with GPS. The NVS series addresses previous IRNSS satellite issues and expands NavIC’s reach.
9. India to Launch First Human Underwater Submersible
As part of the Deep Ocean Mission, India will launch its first human underwater submersible by late 2025. Initially reaching 500m, it will later explore depths of 6,000m, focusing on ocean resources, rare metals, and marine biodiversity.
10. National Voters’ Day 2025
Celebrated on January 25, National Voters' Day marks India's growing electorate, nearing 100 crore voters. The 2025 theme, "Nothing like Voting, I Vote for Sure," promotes youth participation. President Droupadi Murmu led the celebrations in New Delhi.
11. India Joins Eurodrone Program
India joins the Eurodrone program as an observer nation, gaining access to technical data. This aligns with India’s defense strategy and European collaborations, particularly in air surveillance and reconnaissance.
12. India’s 76th Republic Day Highlights
The 2025 Republic Day theme, "Swarnim Bharat – Virasat Aur Vikas," showcased India's heritage and development. Tableaux from states and ministries highlighted cultural, technological, and military advancements. The Tri-Services Tableau emphasized indigenous defense capabilities like the Tejas MKII.
13. Bailey Bridges Over Shyok River
The Indian Army inaugurated two Bailey bridges in Ladakh, enhancing connectivity between Shyok and Nubra valleys. These 100-foot-long bridges reduce travel by 40 km, improving access to remote villages.
14. T-72 Bridge Laying Tanks (BLT) Contract
The Ministry of Defence signed a ₹1,560.52 crore contract for 47 T-72 Bridge Laying Tanks, supporting Make in India. These 49-ton tanks deploy bridges for rapid military movement.
15. Pralay Missile at Republic Day Parade
India’s Pralay missile, a tactical quasi-ballistic missile with a 150-500 km range, was showcased at the 2025 Republic Day Parade. It enhances India’s border defense and is comparable to China’s DF-12 and Russia’s Iskander.
16. La Perouse Naval Exercise 2025
Nine Indo-Pacific nations, including India, participated in France-led La Perouse naval drills. The Indian Navy’s INS Mumbai joined exercises on maritime security, air defense, and VBSS operations, reinforcing regional naval cooperation.
17. 1965 India-Pakistan War & Haji Pir’s Strategic Importance
The 1965 war, triggered by Pakistan’s Operation Gibraltar, saw India capturing Haji Pir Pass on August 15, disrupting Pakistani supply lines. Pakistan’s counterattack, Operation Grand Slam, led to India’s advance into Pakistani territory. The war ended with the Tashkent Declaration (1966), returning Haji Pir to Pakistan, affecting future security dynamics.
18. Protection & Enforcement of Interests in Aircraft Objects Bill, 2024
The Bill secures aircraft lessors’ rights, reduces leasing costs, and aligns India’s laws with the Cape Town Convention, ensuring global recognition and contract enforcement. This strengthens aviation financing and addresses issues like the Go First crisis.
19. India Phases Out HCFCs
India successfully phased out HCFCs in 2024 under the Montreal Protocol, protecting the ozone layer. Future plans include reducing HFCs per the Kigali Amendment and developing sustainable cooling technologies.
20. MRSAM Contract for Indian Navy
India signed a ₹2,960 crore deal with Bharat Dynamics Ltd. for MRSAMs, enhancing naval defense. The missile, co-developed by DRDO & IAI, targets combat jets, cruise missiles, and helicopters. This boosts self-reliance and employment.
21. ISRO Achieves Satellite Docking
India’s first satellite docking via ISRO’s SpaDeX mission marks a key milestone for space station assembly and lunar sample-return missions. Using a petal-based system, ISRO aligns with international docking standards.
22. CRPF VIP Security Group Formation
Following a 2023 security breach, CRPF’s Parliament Duty Group was merged into the VIP Security Group, expanding personnel and securing high-profile individuals.
23. Pune to Host Army Day Parade 2025
The Army Day Parade shifts from Delhi to Pune, emphasizing the theme "Samarth Bharat, Saksham Sena." A digital booking system has been introduced for easy access.
24. Launch of INS Utkarsh
INS Utkarsh, L&T’s latest multi-purpose vessel, enhances India’s naval capabilities. It supports surveillance, patrolling, disaster relief, and indigenous weapon testing.
25. CISF Expansion with New Battalions
The CISF will add two new battalions (2,050 personnel) to improve response times and security at key installations. This enhances internal security and personnel welfare.
26. Why Union Budget is Presented on February 1?
Since 2017, the Budget is presented on February 1 to ensure timely financial implementation. Previously, it was on the last working day of February. The move enhances efficiency and aligns with financial planning.
27. Nag Mark 2 Missile Overview
Type: Third-generation fire-and-forget anti-tank guided missile by DRDO.
Features: Autonomously targets armoured vehicles, including those with explosive reactive armour (ERA).
Trials: Successfully tested at Pokhran Field Range, integrated with NAMICA Version 2.
Significance: Strengthens India’s self-reliance in defense under Atmanirbhar Bharat.
28. Z-Morh Tunnel Inaugurated
Location: 6.4 km tunnel in Kashmir linking Sonamarg and Kangan.
Importance: Ensures year-round access, crucial for military logistics.
Benefits: Boosts tourism, trade, and regional economy.
29. HAL’s Combat Air Teaming System (CATS) Warrior
Overview: AI-powered UAV system integrating with HAL Tejas.
Technological Edge: Enhances surveillance and precision strikes.
Future Plans: To be showcased at Aero India 2025.
30. DRDO’s HIMKAVACH Cold Weather Clothing System
Purpose: Protects soldiers in -60°C conditions.
Features: Multi-layer insulation with wind and water resistance.
Impact: Enhances mobility and effectiveness in extreme environments.
31. INS Vaghsheer: Last Scorpene Submarine Delivered
Class: Advanced diesel-electric attack submarine.
Features: Stealth technology, precision-guided weapons.
Significance: Strengthens India's naval power and indigenous shipbuilding.
32. LingoSat: The Wooden Satellite
Developers: Kyoto University & Sumitomo Forestry.
Material: Made from Magnolia wood, eliminating space debris.
Objective: Tests wood’s durability in space and promotes sustainability.
33. V Narayanan Appointed ISRO Chairman
Background: Expert in propulsion systems, key contributor to Chandrayaan & Gaganyaan.
Future Goals: Strengthen India’s space missions and technological advancements.
34. NISAR Mission (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar)
Purpose: High-resolution Earth observation for climate, disaster response.
Significance: Enhances monitoring of glaciers, ecosystems, and geological movements.
35. Anji Khad Rail Bridge: India’s First Cable-Stayed Rail Bridge
Location: Jammu & Kashmir, part of USBRL Project.
Features: 725.5m span, 193m-high pylon, withstands 213 km/h winds.
Impact: Improves regional connectivity and economic growth.
36. Indo-US Nuclear Collaboration Challenges
Issues: US legal barriers restrict manufacturing; India's liability laws deter investors.
Opportunities: US-India i-CET can enable joint nuclear tech development.
Competitive Pressure: China’s SMR advancements challenge India’s nuclear sector.
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